Version: 4.12
Public Domain Software

Click here to download the Hydrus1D zip file (H1D_4_12.exe)
Click here to download the Hydrus1D manual in pdf
 

HYDRUS-1D is a Microsoft Windows-based modeling environment for analysis of water flow and solute transport in variably saturated porous media. An interactive graphics-based user interface HYDRUS-1D was developed in support of the HYDRUS computer model. HYDRUS-1D may be used to simulate one-dimensional water flow, heat transport, and the movement of solutes involved in consecutive first-order decay reactions in variably-saturated soils. HYDRUS uses the Richards equation for simulating variably-saturated flow and Fickian-based advection-dispersion equations for heat and solute transport. The water flow equation incorporates a sink term to account for water uptake by plant roots. The heat transport equations consider transport due to conduction and convection with flowing water. The solute transport equations consider advective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase, as well as diffusion in the gaseous phase. The transport equations also include provisions for nonlinear nonequilibrium reactions between the solid and liquid phases, linear equilibrium reactions between the liquid and gaseous phases, zero-order production, and two-first-order degradation reactions: one which is independent of other solutes, and one which provides coupling between solutes involved in the sequential first-order decay reactions.

The user interface includes data pre-processing and graphical presentation of the output results in the Microsoft Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT, XP, and Vista environments. Data pre-processing involves specification of all necessary parameters to successfully run the HYDRUS FORTRAN code, discretization of the soil profile into finite elements, and definition of the vertical distribution of hydraulic and other parameters characterizing the soil profile.

Version 2.2 and higher also includes carbon dioxide transport and multicomponent solute transport with major ion equilibrium and kinetic chemistry in variably-saturated soils (UNSATCHEM). The multicomponent chemistry is represented by a chemical speciation model considering major ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and alkalinity) and their interaction with the solid phase.

Versions 3.0 and higher additionally consider dual-porosity-type flow in which one fraction of the water content is mobile, and another immobile. The transport equations also include provisions for kinetic attachment/detachment of solutes to the solid phase such that the model can be used to simulate the transport of viruses, colloids, or bacteria.

Versions 4.0 and higher further consider dual-permeability-type flow with both water in the matrix and macropores being mobile. These versions also consider a large numbers of options to deal with nonequilibrium solute transport, calculations of potential evapotranspiration using either the Penman-Montheith or Hargreaves equation, and many other new options. Versions 4.0 and higher provide support for the HP1 multicomponent transport model (Jacques, and Šimůnek, 2005), which was obtained by coupling HYDRUS-1D with the PHREEQC biocheochemical model.

HYDRUS Model

The HYDRUS program is a finite element model for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media. The program numerically solves the Richards' equation for saturated-unsaturated water flow and Fickian-based advection dispersion equations for heat and solute transport. The Flow equation incorporates a sink term to account for water uptake by plant roots. The Heat transport equation considers conduction as well as convection with flowing water. The Solute transport equations consider advective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase, and diffusion in the gaseous phase.

The transport equations also include provisions for:
* Nonlinear
* and/or Nonequilibrium reactions between the solid and liquid phases, Linear equilibrium reactions between the liquid and gaseous phases,
* Zero order production, and
* Two First order degradation reactions:
* One which is independent of other solutes, and
* One which provides the coupling between solutes involved in sequential first-order decay reactions.

The program may be used to analyze water and solute movement in unsaturated, partially saturated, or fully saturated porous media. The flow region itself may be composed of nonuniform soils. Flow and transport can occur in the vertical, horizontal, or a generally inclined direction. The water flow part of the model can deal with (constant or time-varying) prescribed head and flux boundaries, boundaries controlled by atmospheric conditions, as well as free drainage boundary conditions. Soil surface boundary conditions may change during the simulation from prescribed flux to prescribed head type conditions (and vice versa).

For solute transport the code supports both (constant and varying) prescribed concentration (Dirichlet or first-type) and concentration flux (Cauchy or third-type) boundary conditions. The dispersion coefficient includes terms reflecting the effects of molecular diffusion and tortuosity.

The Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties are described using van Genuchten [1980], Brooks and Correy [1964] and modified van Genuchten type analytical functions. Modifications were made to improve the description of hydraulic properties near saturation. The HYDRUS code incorporates hysteresis by using the empirical model introduced by Scott et al. [1983] and Kool and Parker [1987]. This model assumes that drying scanning curves are scaled from the main drying curve, and wetting scanning curves from the main wetting curve.

HYDRUS also implements a scaling procedure to approximate hydraulic variability in a given soil profile by means of a set of linear scaling transformations which relate the individual soil hydraulic characteristics to those of a reference soil.

Root growth is simulated by means of a logistic growth function. Water and salinity stress response functions can be defined according to functions proposed by Feddes et al. [1978] or van Genuchten [1987].

The governing flow and transport equations are solved numerically using Galerkin type linear finite element schemes. Integration in time is achieved using an implicit (backwards) finite difference scheme for both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Additional measures are taken to improve solution efficiency for transient problems, including automatic time step adjustment and adherence to preset ranges of the Courant and Peclet numbers. The water content term is evaluated using the mass conservative method proposed by Celia et al. [1990]. Possible options for minimizing numerical oscillations in the transport solutions include upstream weighing, artificial dispersion, and/or performance indexing.

HYDRUS implements a Marquardt-Levenberg type parameter estimation technique for inverse estimation of selected soil hydraulic and/or solute transport and reaction parameters from measured transient or steady-state flow and/or transport data. The procedure permits several unknown parameters to be estimated from observed water contents, pressure heads, concentrations, and/or instantaneous or cumulative boundary fluxes (e.g., infiltration or outflow data). Additional retention or hydraulic conductivity data, as well as a penalty function for constraining the optimized parameters to remain in some feasible region (Bayesian estimation), can be optionally included in the parameter estimation procedure.

User Interface

A Microsoft Windows-based graphical user interface (GUI) manages the input data required to run HYDRUS, as well as for nodal discretization and editing, parameter allocation, problem execution, and visualization of results.
All spatially distributed parameters, such as soil type/layer, root water uptake distribution, and the initial conditions for water, heat and solute movement, are specified in a graphical environment.
The location of discretization nodes can be graphically edited by a user to optimize the thickness of different elements.
The program includes controls to allow a user to build an application specific flow and transport model, and to perform graphical analyses on the fly.
Both input and output can be examined using graphical tools.
The HYDRUS-1D shell program translates all geometric and parameter data into the HYDRUS input format.
File management is handled by a sophisticated project manager.

Post-Processing

Post-processing is also carried out in the shell.
HYDRUS-1D offers graphs of the distribution of the pressure head, water content, water and solute fluxes, root water uptake, temperature and the concentration in the soil profile at preselected times. Output also includes variable-versus-time plots, such as actual, potential and cumulative fluxes across boundaries or leaving the root zone. Observation points can be added anywhere in the profile to obtain graphical output for the water content, pressure head, temperature, and/or the concentration. Peripheral devices supported include most popular types of printers and plotters. A small catalog of soil hydraulic properties is included in the program. Extensive context-sensitive, online Help is part of the interface. Test Examples distributed with the model:

Direct:
1. Water Flow and Solute Transport in a field soil profile under grass Seasonal simulation
2. Infiltration and Drainage in a large caisson
3. Transient Flow involving hysteresis
4. Skaggs' Column Infiltration Test
5. Solute Transport with nonlinear cation adsorption - Data from Lai and Jurinak
6. Solute Transport with nonlinear cation adsorption - Data from Selim
7. Solute Transport with nitrification chain
8. Solute Transport with non-equilibrium cation adsorption
9. Heat Transport under fluctuating atmospheric condition

Inverse:
1. One-step outflow experiment - Data from Kool et al. (1987)
2. Multistep Outflow Experiment - Data from Jan Hopmans
3. Evaporation Experiment - Data from Ole Wendroth
4. Upward Infiltration
5. Transient Flow involving hysteresis
6. Solute Transport with nonlinear cation adsorption - Data from Lai and Jurinak
7. Solute Transport with nonlinear cation adsorption - Data from Selim
8. Solute Transport with nitrification chain
9. Horizontal infiltration - Data from George Vachaud
10. Horizontal infiltration and redistribution - Data from George Vachaud
11. Drainage in a sand column - Data from George Vachaud
12. Water Flow in a field soil profile under grass - Seasonal simulation

New features in version 4.0 of HYDRUS-1D as compared to version 3.0 include:

a) Vapor flow,
b) Coupled water, vapor, and energy transport,
c) Dual-permeability type water flow and solute transport,
d) Dual-porosity water flow with solute transport and two-site sorption in the mobile zone,
e) The Penman-Monteith combination and Hargreaves equations to calculate potential evapotranspiration,
f) Daily variations in evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation,
g) Support for the HP1 code, obtained by coupling HYDRUS with the PHREEQC biogechemical code.

System Requirements:

Intel 80386 with math coprocessor, Intel 80486DX, or higher processor, 4 Mb RAM, DOS 5.0 or higher, hard disk with at least 10 Mb free disk space, VGA graphics (SVGA with 256 colors recommended), MS Windows 95, 98, or Windows NT.

Developers:

Jirka Simunek Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside
Miroslav Sejna, PC-Progress, Prague, Czech Republic
Hirotaka Saito, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Masaru Sakai, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside
Rien van Genuchten, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside